Natural science tutorials

 Flowering and Non-flowering plants Flowering plants Flowering plants  are the plants that grows flowers and use seeds to reproduce, or make more plants like them. Nonflowering plants do not grow flowers, and use either seeds or spores, which are very tiny parts of a plant that can be used to reproduce, to grow more plants just like them. There are three primary kinds of flowers: Annuals, Perennials, and Biennials. In addition, the fourth type of flower behaves in annuals and perennials like a hybrid. Also there are two more kinds of flowers namely shrub flowers and tree flowers.   The picture above  shows  some of the examples  of annual  plants Non-flowering Plants Non-flowering plants ,are the plants that do not produce seeds, fruits or flowers. They usually reproduce through spores. They include the cryptogams and the gymnosperms. However, gymnosperms are a seed-bearing group of plants. They have unenclosed or naked seeds that often produce cones. ...

An organism refers  to having many related parts that function together as a whole. 2. : an individual living thing that carries on the activities of life by means of organs which have separate functions but are dependent on each other : a living person, plant, or animal. There are some difficulties due to the way words such as ‘living’, ‘plants’ and ‘animals’ are used in everyday speech. Students understand ‘living’ in relation to where and how people ‘live’, for example ‘ living in my house’, ‘a dog lives in a kennel’. The students focus on the activity that takes place within a location. Students often do not recognise that trees, vegetables and grass are plants because one everyday use of the word ‘plant,’ refers to small, decorative plants in gardens and nurseries. What are the living organisms? Living organisms are anything that have the characteristics of life, such as reproduction, nutrition, and cellular organization. Examples of living things include humans, animals, inse...

 Characteristic of air Air iss a gas, air can be compressed, that is, the molecules can be moved closer together. If no force compresses the air, it will expand indefinitely to fill the space available. The volume occupied by a given amount of gas varies with the temperature and pressure of the gas. Air as amoving object(WIND) Wind is the movement of air caused by the uneven heating of the Earth by the sun. It does not have much substance—you cannot see it or hold it—but you can feel its force. It can dry your clothes in summer and chill you to the bone in winter. It is strong enough to carry sailing ships across the ocean and rip huge trees from the ground. It is the great equalizer of the atmosphere, transporting heat, moisture, pollutants, and dust great distances around the globe. Landforms, processes, and impacts of wind are called Aeolian landforms, such as sand dunes and Loess deposits, which are deposits of silt. Air under pressure  atmosphere as a large ocean of air s...

 Magnetism is the force that pulls (attracts) or pushes (repels) an object which contains metal towards, or away from, a magnet. A magnet has an area around it over which it can exert a force on objects. The further away the object is from the magnet, the weaker the force. Properties of Magnets are: We already know that magnets are made up of the magnetic substance. Magnets have certain important properties. They are: Attractive Property – Magnet attracts ferromagnetic materials like iron, cobalt, and nickel. Repulsive Properties – Like magnetic poles repel each other and unlike magnetic poles attract each other. Directive Property – A freely suspended magnet always points in a direction.  Forces and fields between  magnets are: The magnetic force is the force of attraction or repulsion that arises between electrically charged particles due to their motion  The magnetic force between two moving charges may be described as the force exerted upon their charge by t...

 Nature of matter  Matter is composed of particles. Differences in solids, liquids, and gases can be explained by the proximity and bonding of particles. When solids, liquids, and gases change state, distances between particles change as the particles absorb or release energy. There is nothing between the particles but space (no air). These are the four main characteristics of particles of matter : *Particles of matter are very tiny in size *They have spaces between them *Particles of matter move constantly *They are attracted towards each other See the diagram below: Do you know what the basic building blocks of matter are called? Well, the basic building blocks that make up matter are called atoms. Sometimes two or more atoms bond, or stick together, and form a molecule. A molecule is the smallest part of a substance that still has all the properties of that substance. For example, a water molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Sometimes, a molecule i...

 What is an Ecosystem? An ecosystem is a structural and functional unit of ecology where the living organisms interact with each other and the surrounding environment. In other words, an ecosystem is a chain of interactions between organisms and their environment. The term “Ecosystem” was first coined by A.G.Tansley, an English botanist, in 1935. Read on to explore the structure, components, types and functions of the ecosystem in the notes provided below. Structure of the Ecosystem The structure of an ecosystem is characterised by the organisation of both biotic and abiotic components. This includes the distribution of energy in our environment. It also includes the climatic conditions prevailing in that particular environment.  The structure of an ecosystem can be split into two main components, namely:  Biotic Components Abiotic Components The biotic and abiotic components are interrelated in an ecosystem. It is an open system where the energy and components can flow t...

  Sunlight, also known as solar radiation, refers to the incoming light to the Earth that originated from the Sun. This light represents a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that includes infrared, visible light, and ultraviolet light. About half of the radiation is in the visible portion of the solar spectrum, with most of the rest in the near-infrared section with a comparatively small amount in the ultraviolet spectrum. Sunlight that is incident upon the Earth's surface has been filtered through the atmosphere, with some of the ultraviolet radiation being absorbed. The radiation that isn't absorbed by the atmosphere can produce a suntan or sunburn.[2] In addition to providing light for Earth, sunlight also acts as a source of radiant heat, warming the Earth. The contribution of sunlight to the Earth is immense, it is a major component of the greenhouse effect, is one of Earth's major energy flows, as well as being a key factor in photosynthesis. The energy stored in...

  The scientific method is the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation. The basic process involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment and finally  analyzing  the results. The principals of the scientific method can be applied in many areas, including scientific research, business and technology. There are seven steps to the scientific method: Question, Research, Hypothesis, Experiment, Data Analysis, Conclusion, and Communication. Although scientists may modify, reorder, or revisit steps on occasion, scientists generally use this basic logical approach. Basic Science Process Skills Observing - using the senses to gather information about an object or event. Example: Describing a pencil as yellow. Inferring - making an "educated guess" about an object or event based on previously gathered data or information. Example: Saying that the person who used a pencil made a lot of mistakes...

 2.Health Education  Definition of health education Based on the preceding analysis, the following definition of  health education  emerged: health education is a continuous, dynamic, complex and planned teaching-learning process throughout the lifespan and in different settings that is implemented through an equitable and negotiated client and health professional ‘partnership’ to facilitate and empower the person to promote/initiate lifestyle-related behavioural changes that promote positive  health status  outcomes. Health education takes into account individuals’/groups’ internal and external factors that influence their health status through potentially improving their knowledge, skills, attitudes and beliefs in relation to their health-related needs and behaviour, within a positive health paradigm. Community members  must be educated on: STDs What are sexually transmitted infections (STIs)? Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), or sexually trans...

 1.Energy Energy is the ability to do something or to move something. Energy is everywhere in us,around us,in nature,light,wind and in our daily lives. Energy  (from  Ancient Greek   ἐνέργεια  ( enérgeia )  'activity') is the  quantitative   property  that is  transferred  to a  body  or to a  physical system , recognizable in the performance of  work  and in the form of  heat  and  light . Energy is a  conserved quantity —the law of  conservation of energy  states that energy can be  converted  in form, but not created or destroyed;  matter  and energy may also be converted to one another. The unit of measurement  for energy in the  International System of Units  (SI) is the  joule  (J). Types of Energy  *light /solar energy  *Heat energy *moving energy   The energy  we use to power everything  from our homes...